How does Forster(TM)s narrative style affect the relationship between reader, character and situation? Essay

Forster’s narrative style affects the relationship between reader, character and situation in many different ways. Forster’s narrative technique is often quite muddled. His style of narration wavers between optimism and uncertainty. He is always trying to show and describe one thing but means something else. He starts out with a certain vision, only to have it falter in subtle and frightening ways, and then reaffirms it. His narrative style can be rather subtle at times especially when he reveals his own opinion about a character, it is very indirect. However, on the contrary one of Forster’s narrative techniques is to address the reader directly. Forster also leaves the reader to make their own view on the character; many times he does not reveal an opinion about the character so the reader can create their own interpretation. His narrative style can affect the situation in diverse techniques. Forster can describe the situation in which Lucy can let out her emotion in her conscious and unconscious state, he reefers to music. How he describes general way of being and life in A Room with a View has a link to music. The affirmation from his certain vision comes with an artistic admission. The articulate, dominant narrative voice chooses to have things turn out that way. For example Forster show the readers that life in his novels is rather like Beethoven’s sonnets ‘ They can triumph or despair as the player decides and Lucy had decided that they should triumph’ (Page twenty nine) The music becomes a way to show and relate to how Lucy attempts to convince her subconscious of a certain lifestyle. Forster also uses his artistic admission with Lucy and the way in which Forster narrates his novel affects how the readers view the characters. Using Lucy Honeychurch as an example, the readers gain a connection with her. At the beginning of the novel Forster revealed her immaturity and often showed it with his narrative techniques. Throughout the novel the reader sees that Lucy develops into a more mature character. For example, her break up with Cecil shows the readers that she has finally distinguished her own thoughts realising that Cecil is not the man for her. The situation is narrated through the vision of art. Forster describes Cecil’s constant comparisons of Lucy to a Leonardo. It is based on Cecil’s perception of her â€Å"shadows† and â€Å"reticence†, which are actually signs of her confusion and repression. Lucy is always muddled and the reader sometimes does not comprehend her, it is all to do with her not knowing what she really wants. Just as the reader starts to think they understand her Forster muddles up his narrative technique and ‘throws’ the reader from their thoughts quite subtly. Subtlety plays quite a vital role in Forster’s narrative manner. He uses it in many ways, to describe the characters in deep thought. He also uses it with the character Mr. Beebe. He is clearly gay, just like E. M. Forster himself and Forster states the fact of Mr. Beebe’s sexuality however in an extremely clever and subtle way without making the whole situation too obvious. The indirect narration of the characters plays a major role in the novel. Forster reveals his own opinion very indirectly. It provides a fine example of the highly visual nature of Forster’s narrative style and his concentration of the gaze on characters, especially male ones. The readers can see that he favours Mr. Emerson and therefore Forster makes no criticism towards him. The readers can see that few characters receive full lengthy physical description. However, on the contrary, Forster shows the characters that he is not so fond of, for example, Miss Bartlett. Forster subtly criticises her in his narration. Most of the novel is narrated from Lucy’s prospective and at times from Mr. Beebe’s and Charlottes. Lucy and Charlotte’s relationship is exposed. Forster makes it obvious that Lucy is told what to think by Charlotte. He narrates it in such a way that it represents the freedom (or lack of it) that Lucy has. At the beginning of the novel Lucy is inferior to Charlotte and is expected to think what charlotte thinks and do what she does. It illustrates the opposition of immaturity and maturity shown in the beginning and end of the book. Forster also shows opposition within his narration between the characters. For instance, Ms. Bartlett and Cecil are described as more conservative characters more indoor kind of people and are generally narrated doing things less active. A vast majority of the time they are only narrated doing things inside. However, comparing them to Freddy, Lucy and George it shows extreme distinction between characters because they are more outdoor and active characters, often narrated doing thing outside which then goes on to show the link to the view and how they appreciate it a lot more than Cecil and Charlotte. For example, Cecil refuses to play tennis stating that he was not made to play sport. Overall, Forster’s narrative style affects the relationship between the Readers by subtly favouring the character, by showing criticism towards the character or not criticising them at all and leaving the opinion to be made by the reader. His narrative style affects the situation by linking it to something that the reader can refer to, in this case, art and music. This therefore leads to a much more vivid image of the situation that the reader creates in his of her mind.

Marie Curie

She discovered the mysterious element radium. It opened the door to deep changes In the e way scientists think about matter and energy. She also led the way to a new era for medical Knowles edge and the treatment of diseases-Curie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the only y woman to win the award In two different fields (physics and chemistry).Curie's efforts, with her hush band Pierre Curie, deed to the discovery of polonium and radium and, after Pierce's death, the developed NT of Grays. She was fascinated with the work of Henry Becquerel, a French physicals who discovered t hat uranium casts off rays, weaker rays than the grays found by Wilhelm Roentgen. Curie took Becquerel's work a few steps further, conducting her own experiments on uranium rays. She discovered that the rays remained constant, no matter the condition or form of the our annum.The rays, he theorized, came from the element's atomic structure. This revolutionary idea cream Ted the field of atomic phy sics and Curie herself coined the word radioactivity to describe the phone mean. Working with the mineral pitchblende, the pair discovered a new radioactive element in 1898. They named the element polonium. They also detected the presence of another radioactive material I n the pitchblende, and called that radium.In 1902, the Curies announced that they had produced a decide ram of pure radium, demonstrating its existence as a unique chemical element. With their Nobel Prize win, the Curies developed an international reputation for their scientific efforts, and they used their prize money to continue their research. Curie received another great honor In 1911, winning her sec nod Nobel Prize, this time In chemistry. She was selected for her discovery of radium and polonium, a ND became the first scientist to win two Nobel Prizes.

Nigerias Business Environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nigerias Business Environment - Essay Example Misrule compounded by corruption and uncertainty are wrecking chances for development in Nigeria (Iba, Louis; 2009). The image of Nigeria is one of poverty and anarchy. This is largely due to unemployment and political uncertainty. Except for oil and gas the country is known for little else although natural resources are in abundance. Population below poverty line is shown as 70%. The country keeps showing results and returning to shambles in turns. Nigeria has not shown consistency in economical reforms although it has made attempts to project oil and other natural resources for potential foreign investments (Doing Business in Nigeria, 2007). There is inconsistency in the business environment. It has not shown any progress in clearing IMF debts. IMF had instructed stringent measures to revive economy that included reforms in the banking sector (Nigeria Economy 2010). Well-informed Nigerians rue the years of instability since the 1950s when oil was discovered in Nigeria. However, people are poor and spend more time on earning for their daily necessities. Revenues from oil are spent on balancing for various loans taken for infrastructure. Talking of infrastructure, the country's aspirations for establishing railway network has not resulted in any concrete action. This has given rise to facilitating transportation by roads. However, majority of the roadways are in poor shape resulting in traffic snarls. The civilian government of the day is doing all it can to project the country as a safe and conducive destination for business. However, their clarion call is not yielding the desired effects. Western powers are cool to investing in a nation where political status is still seen as unstable (Nigeria Economy 2010). Western economies have shied away from directly doing business in Nigeria leaving it to Asians. Asians have been more forthcoming from the 1970s and enjoyed the fruits of doing business in Nigeria. Japan has showed some interest in doing business in Nigeria (Bala, Dr Julius J; 2003). Today, Nigeria is a progressive economy. However, the country is experiencing setbacks so it is unable to meet projected economical targets. The country needs to act on its initiatives for economical turnaround with gender-based schemes to attract greater foreign investment and participation (Nwoye, May; 2007). In spite of the political and economic status, Nigeria has a vibrant and innovative population. It is this effervescent attitude that provides the best hope for appropriate business environment in a country torn by decades of mistrust among its two main communities Islamic and Christianity. Business Prospects in Nigeria When President Olusegun Obasanjo was sworn in on 29 May 1999 his reformative measures instilled confidence and attracted foreign investments. Obasanjo quietly

Campfire usa Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Campfire usa - Research Paper Example Soon it commenced its programs such as â€Å"Blue Bird† for younger girls, the name of the program changed to â€Å"Star Fight† in 1989 where it served both the girls and boys. In 1918, the first Campfire council was formed in Kansas City. Time does fly by as in no time it reached its silver jubilee and on account of its 50th anniversary a program named the â€Å"She Cares †¦ Do You?† started. Under this program, more than 2 million trees were planted and 13,000 birdhouses were built. The organization took the acceleration and a number of different projects started such as a program named â€Å"Junior High† in 1962 and Metropolitan Critical Areas (MCA) Project in 1964. The â€Å"Wohelo† awards were also introduced during these years named after Campfire’s watchwords â€Å"work†, â€Å"health† and â€Å"love†. In 1975, young boys were also encouraged to participate. In 1983, a program â€Å"Adventure† started; then in 1988, â€Å"Teens in action† was initiated and following these in 1992, Champions for Children program also began. In 1997, â€Å"Kid Day† was celebrated where adults expressed their love to children through letters. In the year 2000, Campfire celebrated its 90th anniversary being one of the leading youth development agencies across the nation. In the year 1999, the organization looked further and after completing its initial goal made up a new mission. The mission works on to develop caring and confident youth who will be the leaders of tomorrow. It requires its director to have the basic knowledge regarding insurance. Comprehensive general liability, directors liability, umbrella liability are an integrated part of this organization. Furthermore, insurance on automotives, property and accidents or illness is covered. The organization also places emphasis on bonding, special benefits and annual increments. Campfire will be responsible for any kind of risk taken

Personal Philosophy of Nursing Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Philosophy of Nursing - Personal Statement Example Additionally, I worked as a nurse as I studied. The experience gained through practice has made me recognize numerous programs that are essential in preparation of patients towards medication services. In addition to taught skills, I have acquired extra knowledge that has enhanced my nursing expertise. For instance, education and practice have equipped me with clinical leadership and professional research skills. These are vital skills in the nursing profession and healthcare provision (Sharon, 2003). I have also acquired exceptional abilities and skills in the design, organization, and implementation of goals and objectives in healthcare provision. These skills focus primarily on the provision of nursing services to patients. Furthermore, nursing profession has directed my scientific and artistic expertise towards qualitative and quantitative provision of healthcare. The expertise and experience acquired within the 20 year-period has broadened my knowledge in nursing practice. Howev er, it is vital for me to highlight my career objectives and mission in the nursing profession. Therefore, this essay aims to explain my future career objectives and mission in the nursing profession. Moreover, it aims to support my philosophical dispositions in primary healthcare provision. Harmlessness Essentially, it is crucial to note that there should never be harm in the provision of primary healthcare and nursing services. ... Therefore, it is my obligation as a nurse to exercise absolute care towards my clients’ well-being. Notably, the attitude towards the public and clients should be warm and caring. It is appropriate to assess the conditions of clients through the establishment of all issues that relate to human beings. For instance, it is vital to communicate with patients appropriately. This can only be achieved through proper channeling of messages to be communicated to patients (Sharon, 2003). Nurses are expected to conduct therapeutic procedures required to identify conditions that need stabilization. They are expected to examine the outcomes of therapeutic actions in order to accomplish the goals of enhancement of well-being of clients. Over the years of nursing practice, I have learnt that delivery of healthcare is in itself a cause of death in many countries. The delivery of healthcare services is sometimes enshrined with the possibility of human error that can result into death. Errors can result from both commission and omission because of loopholes in redress of conditions that can be treated and solved. Injuries and eventual deaths can occur because of such blunders (Philips and Bredder, 2002). Nosocomial infections are likely to occur in hospitals in cases where health practitioners do not disinfect and clean their hands before handling patients. Therefore, the safety of patients is essential in hospitals. The protection of patients requires maintenance of basic safety standards. Several researches have indicated that errors in the prescription of medication increase the number of fatalities in hospitals (Swanson, 1993). Data have shown

Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Exam - Essay Example weighted-average cost of capital for a firm with the following sources of funds and corresponding required rates of return: $5 million common stock at 16 percent, $500,000 preferred stock at 10 percent, and $3 million debt at 9 percent. All amounts are listed at market values and the firms tax rate is 35 percent. 3- Firms A and B intend to merge and Firm A has calculated the NPV of the merger to be $2 million after paying $8 million for Firm B. If Firm A had a pre-merger value of $10 million and Firm B had a pre-merger value of $6 million, calculate the value of the merged entity, as well as the cost of the merger. 4- Circular File stock is selling for $25 a share. You see that call options on the stock with exercise price of $20 are selling at $3. What should you do? What will happen to the option price as investors identify this opportunity? Then you observe that put options on Circular File with exercise price $30 are selling for $4. What should you do? In the first case, I will be exercising the call option since it gives me the intrinsic benefit of $2 ($25 - $20 - $3). My total cost of the stock would be $23 however; I will still earn benefit of $2 as compared to market where the stock is selling at $25. When other investors would see this opportunity, there are two possibilities to happen. Firstly, the current share price is likely to reduce to $23 or secondly, the value of call option may increase to $5. In case of put option, I will be exercising the put option as it will allow me to generate the intrinsic benefit of $1 ($30 - $25 - $4). I would be purchasing the stock at a total cost of $29 i.e. $25 current price plus $4 the value of put option. I would then be selling the stock at $30, which would earn me $1

Neogiation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Neogiation - Assignment Example It is therefore correct to say that the refusal of the union to hear the proposals was not done in good faith. The section that I rely upon in this matter is article XXXIV section 2 of the Collective Bargaining Agreement. The section is clear about the 30 days notice to be given by the party intending to make the modifications. It further states that a conference is to be held 10 days before the expiration of the agreement. In this case, the agreement was expiring on June 15 2009 and the conference was held on 1 June 2009, 14 days before the expiration. The word shall, denotes that it was necessary for the communication to be done on the first day, but the action by the union was meant to bar the same from taking place. In fact, during the day, suggestions to the same effect had been made in the meeting. To avoid the conflict that arose, it would have been better is the employer had allowed for negotiations. This was a collective bargaining agreement and one party should not have seemed like the one imposing terms on the other. The employer should also have been clear on its intention and not waiting until 4:30 Pm to make a formal proposal. What is important is the intention of the

Historical research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Historical - Research Paper Example The main objective of the self-strengthening movement in China was to restore values, implied by the term strength, to the weakened country through the introduction of western learning and technology. Kim (2004) identified that students, both at home and abroad, acquire western languages, thoughts and science. Shipyards, arsenals and factories, were based on the western models. Indeed, self-strengthening movement influenced uniquely to the cultural, social, economic and political situation in China (Twitchett 129). The period between 1861 and 1895 is referred self-strengthening movement period of institutional reforms started during the late Qing Dynasty after a series of concessions and military defeat to foreign powers. Most of the ruling elites still subscribed to a conservative Confucian worldview. However, with China’s serious defeats in the first and second Opium Wars, officials debated on the way forward. Kim (2004) pointed out that the officials argued that in order to reinforce itself against the West, the adoption of western military armaments and technology was inevitable. They agreed that shipyards and arsenal shall be established and to hire foreign advisers to enlighten Chinese artisans to fabricate such wares in China (Fairbank 37). Kim (2004) divided the activities of the movement into three phases. The first phase, which lasted from 1861 to 1872, accentuated the adoption of western machines, scientific knowledge, firearms, training of diplomatic and technical personnel through the development of a diplomatic college and office. The second phase lasted from 1872 to 1885. This phase concentrated its attention on modernizing industries, agriculture and commerce as well as to the creation of wealth in an attempt to strengthen the economy (Pong 79). Finally, during the third phase, which occurred between 1885 and 1895, modernization

Communication Opinion Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Communication Opinion Paper - Essay Example writing neatly and clearly, organizing the points to ease their flow and understanding, having an eye get in touch with, by means of proper grammar and passing reliable message are the essentials needed to effectively pass a message. The sender should have an understanding of the receiver so as to modify the message and to make it more relevant. The recipient is the individual to whom the sender transmits the message. The recipient can also exchange a few words verbally and nonverbally. The most excellent and effective way to receive a message is to listen carefully, sitting upright and making eye contact. One should avoid getting distracted or trying to do something else while listening. Nodding or in good spirits as you pay attention to the correspondent address show that you comprehend the meaning being send to you. The message is send to the receiver in different forms; such forms are, by word of mouth staging, a written paper, an commercial or just a observations. For effective communication to take place, the correspondent must not only compile the point cautiously, nevertheless also weigh up the way in which then message can be interpreted. It is through the channel of communication that message travels from one point to another. Every channel of communication has some advantages and disadvantages. For instant, one particular shortcoming of words in black and white, on a central processing unit screen or in a manuscript, is that the recipient cannot weigh up the nature of the point. Intended for effective communication, word written communications are used so they don’t rely on a specific tone of voice to convey the message accurately. The advantage of television as a channel for communication is that reaches a wide audience and the sender’s ability to further manipulate the message using editing and special effects. The feedback describes the receiver’s response or reaction to the sender’s massage. The receiver can pass the feedback by asking

Race or color Essay Example for Free

Race or color Essay â€Å"To live anywhere in the world today and be against equality because of race or color is like living in Alaska and being against snow†. This famous observation of William Faulkner sums up the present attitude of the people towards discrimination based on color. It is hard to believe that a few decades earlier, unimaginable atrocities have been meted out against a particular section of the society just because their skin color was considered inferior. The real life story, â€Å"Warriors don’t cry† written by Melba Patillo Beals highlights the invincible hurdles faced by a group of ten black students just to acquire a basic education on par with the other students. The events narrated in the book from chapter 12 to chapter 20 leaves one stoned about the heartless abuse that these children had to undergo. A separate army consisting of 1200 soldiers is employed to ensure the safety of these ten children on the first day of their school. Despite this arrangement, there is violence and a threat to the children’s lives, thanks to the fanatic hatred of the segregationists towards the black people. Braving all odds, Melba and her friends continue their education in the school, but every day they are tormented with abuses and unfair treatments even by the school authorities. These chapters give heart-wrenching details of the physical and mental violence against Melba and her friends. Even though a few white girls were sympathetic to Melba’s situation, they could not help her because of threats from the segregationists. It is difficult to believe that even the school authorities did not help their cause. They discriminated against her by excluding her from all festivities and events. Even on her birthday, when Melba defended herself from violence, she was suspended for attacking the whites. After reading the horrible and terrifying accounts of Melba, one cannot avoid admiring the grit and perseverance with which she and her friends pursued their education. After reading these chapters, I felt relieved and thankful for the fact that such discrimination is not existent today. The first African-American president of The United States, Mr. Obama is a proof of this advancement.

Assessment Interviews in Therapy

Assessment Interviews in Therapy SCREENING AND ASSESSMENT SOPHIA A. JOHNSON 1. Psychologist in Private Practice Client #1, who is a 28 year old, married, father of a 2 year old and a 6 month old infant, has been referred to our private practice by his office’s free counseling resources. He recently lost a job promotion and also feels overwhelmed at home with a new born baby and all the adjustments that comes with a newborn. No longer enjoys hanging out with friends or family, often refuses to get out of bed when he does not have to work. His wife is also finding it hard to get him to participate in the care of their children, he is no longer affectionate and loving as he once was. He is cynical, aggressive and pessimistic about things he would normally see the beauty in. Chief Complaint: I just cant seem to be happy with anything anymore. Im miserable and Im making everybody around me miserable. Assessment will be conducted by our in house psychologist. The contextual considerations that apply to this client is that decision regarding assessment is solely based on the consultation from the psychologist. This may impact the assessment plan as â€Å"the psychologist may question whether the treatment available in the psychological clinic is appropriate† (Groth-Marnat, p. 46), because they may have extensive medical problems, or possible need for inpatient treatment. As a means of getting to know and understand the client outside of regular observation during the initial interview, the psychologist could administer a personality assessment to aid in understanding the whole person, this will also help to identify any other underlying issues if client needs to be referred to another practitioner. One ethical concerns that could relate to the assessment process of this client is the security and usage of the information shared, privacy and confidentiality of data gathered during assessment process. Another ethical concern that may arise is the qualifications of the attending psychologist. According to the (BACB, 2010), â€Å"1.03 one must maintain competence in their area of expertise through professional development† in order to effectively serve and offer services. Client #2: 41 year old, recently divorced female with no children and high school education Chief Complaint: No matter what I do, I cannot relax, I am always stressing out about something. I feel like Im going crazy. Client #2 was referred to the private practice by her general practitioner to consult with our psychologist because her inability to relax has caused her blood pressure to rise and medication does not seem to be having an effect on bringing her numbers down. Changes to her pressure has seemed to increase during her divorce proceedings. She was not previously diagnosed as being hypertensive, however, hypertension does run in her family. Since her divorce she is concern about her financial future and blaming herself for her marriage ending. She has also been evaluation her chose in not returning to school to get a better education, she had hoped to start a family and then return to school after the children themselves had started school. All those dreams now seem so far away and her future looked empty and hopeless, she anxious and scared of what the future holds for her. The private practice contextual considerations are self or professional referral, sole decision makers are the client and the psychologist. Clients of this nature are usually self-referred and are trying to find release from some inner turmoil. The contextual consideration would impact a plan assessment for client #2, because extensive assessment is usually not required for these cases. However, the best method of gathering information would be through the use of interviews, which will be best conducted using the semi-structured method to allow the patient to share openly, but still allow the clinician to be able to focus on the required questions that must be asked to when conducting a functional assessment. Some ethical concerns that may affect client #2 is the test construction pertinent to the issues of this client, avoidance of harm and exploitation, â€Å"disclosures about exceptions to confidentiality† (Nagy, 2011); â€Å"invasion of privacy† and how much will be required to be shared and if shared how will the information be used and guarded once documented. 2. School Psychologist Client #1: 7-year-old second-grader from intact family that recently moved into the school district Referral Problems: academic difficulties related to reading and writing, social difficulties with peers. Our 7 year old second grader is part of a military family and moves around quiet often with his family. His father is an air force pilot and is often away for a long period of time, his mom also works. He receives love and attention when they are available but is often left on his own. He spends most of his time building toy planes because he hopes to someday be a pilot like his Dad. Contextual considerations for client #1 in this setting the decision to be assessed came from an educational setting as a referral by his teachers and school counselor. The decision was unified by a group who has his best interest at heart because they all believe he has the potential to excel. According to study conducted by (Sattler, 2001), when evaluating the extent and nature of a child’s learning difficulties the assessment process must be sensitive to the interactions, personality and characteristics of the child, as well as the expectations of those requesting the assessment† (Groth-Marnat, p. 44) In this setting an adult has to give consent for all assessment and determination for placement change. The individually oriented assessment is carried out through direct observation in the child’s natural environment. Other assessment methods that may be employed is the â€Å"WISC-III, Stanford Binet test for intellectual abilities† (Groth-Marnat, p. 44), observation of behavior and interactions with teachers and students will also be rated. Most importantly is the test administered must be appropriate for a 7 year-old. Ethical concerns are to ensure that no harm is done to the child, validity of test assessment data and use and release of assessment data. Labeling and restriction of freedom is also another ethical concern that may affect client #1 will the results impose any negative consequence that may affect his future or reinforce the behavior. Client #2: 17 -year-old high school student Referral Problems: failing grades, refused to follow course sequences, considering dropping out. This client recently lost a parent and no longer feels apart of her home school environment, her single parent is struggling financially and have decided that it may be best to move closer to family in another state. Contextual considerations for client #21 in this setting is the decision to be assessed came as a referral by his teachers and school guidance counselor. Consent from an adult is also need as the child is under 18 years of age. Ethical concern that may be of concern to client #2, Principle E: Respect for Peoples Rights and Dignity (Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct, 2014), sharing of personal information gathered from the assessment with other teachers. Not because the client is underage, they can be forced to share thoughts they would otherwise prefer to keep hidden. Communication of test results is also of ethical concern, (Groth-Marnat) notes that feedback from the assessment must be presented in a clear, competent and understandable language for all to understand, without misinterpretation. While a structured interview strategy is most reliable, a semi-structured interview strategy will yield more information as it gives the client and clinician more of a free style to engage and share information that may not otherwise be noted on the questionnaire. The purpose of an assessment interview is to obtain authorization and to learn the client’s background history and any detail about the issue on hand, prior to embarking on an assessment plan. Verbal and face to face, using a semi-structured or structured format with the 17- year old high school student. Note taking and Recording of initial interview must be carried out Establish initial rapport Gather specific information, history and current and past school attendance and grades, family history History of problem Give the client an opportunity to ask questions and share information Plan of assessment for Client #1: 7-year-old second-grader. (Steege, 2009), believes that â€Å"decisions regarding the development and evaluation of interventions with students who exhibit problem behaviors should be based on objective and accurate information†. The most appropriate assessment for our 7-year old would be the Direct Descriptive FBA procedures Anecdotal and systematic observations Interval Recording Procedure (IRP) Extended functional analyses – â€Å"observation is carried out in the students natural environment, learning ability and interpersonal interaction is observed and measured† (Cooper 2007) (Groth-Marnat). Assessment of reinforcer preferences Using this method will help us to (1) identify and gather information relating to our 7 year-old; (2) assess the nature and quality of the his learning environment; (3) administer the comprehensive assessment battery of test that takes into consideration academic and intellectual abilities, over several minutes for up to 30 minutes, ; (4) identify and describe any interfering behaviors; (5) Document and log academic and social performance; (6) create an intervention plan that will enable our 7 year-old to increase his academic performance and social interactions. The value of using this method is the intervention plan that will be derived from the assessment will be focused on meeting the specific needs of our 7 year-old, by identify triggers, motivators and reinforcers, and using them to influence his actions and behavior in a positive and productive way. Functional assessment utilizes multiple tools to assess and develop a plan assessment that will investigate the academic ability of our client giving us an insight into his cognitive abilities and interpersonal skills, and because the data is real-time it is evidence-based and makes for effective and unbiased decision. References BACB. (2010, June). BACB Professional and Ethical Compliance Code. Retrieved from BACB Professional and Ethical Compliance Code: http://www.bacb.com/index.php?page=57 Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct. (2014). Retrieved from American Psychological Association : http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx Groth-Marnat, G. (n.d.). Hand Book of Psychological Assessment. EBSCO Publishing. Nagy, T. F. (2011). Essential Ethics for Psychologists. In T. F. Nagy, Ethics in Psychological Assessment (pp. 171-183). American Psychological Association. Steege, M. . (2009). Conducting school-based functional behavioralassessments:A practitioners guide(2nded.). New York, NY: TheGuilford Press.

Robert Frost’s Poem, The Road Not Taken Essay -- The Road Not Taken Es

Robert Frost’s poem, The Road Not Taken, is a descriptive poem about a person’s conflict with the right path to take throughout life. The choice that this person makes can affect him forever. There are lots of choices like this throughout a person’s life that are made that piece together the future. What they do with these choices and the decisions they make are up to them. Although the narrator of this poem is faced with a dilemma, he still makes the best decision possible and takes the best road, which happens to be one that no one else has chosen to take. The title, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, symbolizes the decision that he must make to take a path throughout life that no one else has or would choose to take. The majority will always follow one another, so the option to do so also is imminent. The narrator however, chooses to be different. He decides that taking the â€Å"less traveled by† path will change his life prospectively. The narrator is faced with temptation to take the wrong path. He says â€Å"long I stood / and looked down one as far as I could / to where it bent in the undergr... Robert Frost’s Poem, The Road Not Taken Essay -- The Road Not Taken Es Robert Frost’s poem, The Road Not Taken, is a descriptive poem about a person’s conflict with the right path to take throughout life. The choice that this person makes can affect him forever. There are lots of choices like this throughout a person’s life that are made that piece together the future. What they do with these choices and the decisions they make are up to them. Although the narrator of this poem is faced with a dilemma, he still makes the best decision possible and takes the best road, which happens to be one that no one else has chosen to take. The title, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, symbolizes the decision that he must make to take a path throughout life that no one else has or would choose to take. The majority will always follow one another, so the option to do so also is imminent. The narrator however, chooses to be different. He decides that taking the â€Å"less traveled by† path will change his life prospectively. The narrator is faced with temptation to take the wrong path. He says â€Å"long I stood / and looked down one as far as I could / to where it bent in the undergr...

Role of Immigrants in the American Civil War :: American America History

Role of Immigrants in the American Civil War For minorities, as for other Americans, the Civil War was an opportunity to prove their valor and loyalty. Among the first mustered into the Union Army were a De Kalb regiment of German American clerks, the Garibakdi Guards made up of Italian Americans, a "Polish Legion," and hundreds of Irish American youths form Boston and New York. But in Ohio and Washington, D.C., African American volunteers were turned away from recruiting stations and told, "This is a white man's war." Some citizens questioned the loyalty of immigrants who lived in crowded city tenements until an Italian American from Brooklyn turned that around. In the New York Senate, Democrat Francis Spinola had been a vigorous foe of Republican policies and Lincoln. But now he swore his loyalty with stirring words, "This is my flag, which I will follow and defend." This speech gave great assurance that the masses in the great cities were devoted to the Union and ready to enlist for its defense. More than 400,000 European immigrants fought for the Union, including more than 170,00 Germans and more than 150,00 Irish. Many saw their services as a proud sacrifice. The first officer to die for the Union was Captain Constatin Blandowski, one of many immigrants who earlier had fought for freedom in Europe and then joined Lincoln's army. Born in Upper Silesia and trained at Dresden, Germany, he was a veteran of democratic struggles - a Polish revolt at Krakow, the Polish Legion's battles against Austria, and the Hungarian fight for independence. Some nationalities contributed more than their share of Union soldiers. Some immigrants earned the Congressional Medal of Honor. Italian American officer Louis di Cesnola, was the Colonel of the 4th Cavalry Regiment. At Aldie, Virginia, in 1863, he earned the Medal of Honor and was appointed a general. He charged unarmed at the foe, read his citation, "rallied his men ...until desperately wounded and taken prisoner in action." In 1879 Cesnola became director of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art. The museum then became, wrote a critic, "a monument to his energy, enterprise, and rare executive skill." Italian American privates also won the Medal of Honor. Joseph Sova of the 8th Cavalry earned it for capturing the Confederate flag at Appomattox. Private Orlando Caruana of the 51st Infantry won it at

Bosnia-Herzegovina genocide :: essays research papers

Bosnia-Herzegovina genocide Genocide, the systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group. From 1992-1995 that was happening in Bosnia-Herzegovina. In the Republic of Bosnia-Herzegovina, conflict between the three main ethnic groups, the Serbs, Croats, and Muslims, resulted in genocide committed by the Serbs against the Muslims in Bosnia. Bosnia is one of several small countries that emerged from the break-up of Yugoslavia, a multicultural country created after World War I by the Western Allies. Yugoslavia was composed of ethnic and religious groups that had been historical rivals, even bitter enemies, including the Serbs (Orthodox Christians), Croats (Catholics) and ethnic Albanians (Muslims). During World War II, Yugoslavia was invaded by Nazi Germany and was partitioned. A fierce resistance movement sprang up led by Josip Tito. Following Germany's defeat, Tito reunified Yugoslavia under the slogan "Brotherhood and Unity," merging together Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, Montenegro, Macedonia, along with two self-governing provinces, Kosovo and Vojvodina. Tito, a Communist, was a strong leader who maintained ties with the Soviet Union and the United States during the Cold War, playing one superpower against the other while obtaining financial assistance and other aid from both. After his death in 1980 and without his strong leadership, Yugoslavia quickly plunged into political and economic chaos. A new leader arose by the late 1980s, a Serbian named Slobodan Milosevic, a former Communist who had turned to nationalism and religious hatred to gain power. He began by inflaming long-standing tensions between Serbs and Muslims in the independent provence of Kosovo. Orthodox Christian Serbs in Kosovo were in the minority and claimed they were being mistreated by the Albanian Muslim majority. Serbian-backed political unrest in Kosovo eventually led to its loss of independence and domination by Milosevic. In June 1991, Slovenia and Croatia both declared their independence from Yugoslavia soon resulting in civil war. The national army of Yugoslavia, now made up of Serbs controlled by Milosevic, stormed into Slovenia but failed to subdue the separatists there and withdrew after only ten days of fighting. Milosevic quickly lost interest in Slovenia, a country with almost no Serbs. Instead, he turned his attention to Croatia, a Catholic country where Orthodox Serbs made up 12 percent of the population. During World War II, Croatia had been a pro-Nazi state led by Ante Pavelic and his fascist Ustasha Party. Serbs living in Croatia as well as Jews had been the targets of widespread Ustasha massacres.

Designer Babies

Abstract The term â€Å"designer baby† is used by journalist and media to refer to a baby whose genetic makeup had been artificially selected by genetic engineering combined with in vitro fertilization to make sure there is a presence or absence of particular genes or characteristics (Designer Baby, n. d. ). Before, designer babies have been used to prevent genetic defects of offspring or to prevent a child from a number of mutations and diseases. Now, with our advancements in reproductive technologies, doctors are taking this to a whole new level by using genetic diagnosis or PGD to design their patient’s idea of a â€Å"perfect baby. In this paper I will discuss the reasons why I’m against the idea of designer babies. Genetically Engineering A Designer Baby Imagine going to a hospital and ordering a baby, just like you order a meal at your favorite fast food restaurant: â€Å"Hi, can I have a girl in the model category. Straight brown hair, brown eyes, and a bronze tan. Actually, make that green eyes, instead of brown and make her hair a little wavy, but not too wavy. Medium stature is fine, with a fit body type. Oh yeah, can you make sure that she'll have perfect white, straight teeth too.And that will do it! † Sounds a little ridiculous doesn't it? Well believe it or not, designing your idea of a â€Å"perfect† baby may be completely normal in the next few years because of the highly advanced reproductive technologies out there today. Some would argue that being able to genetically design their own child would be a blessing but here are my reasons why I think the idea of designer babies isn’t just morally and ethically wrong, but could eventually lead to the possibility of controlling the human population to ensure certain physical characteristics.On March 3, 2009 an organization called Fertility Institutes offered what journalists call â€Å"designer babies† (Designer Babies: Parents can Select Physical Tra its, 2011). The technology they use is called preimplantation genetic diagnosis or PGD. It's been used to improve the likelihood of a successful pregnancy and birth for couples with either infertility related to recurrent miscarriages or unsuccessful in vitro cycles and couples who are at high risk for passing on inherited genetic disease to their offspring (Preimplantation Genetics, n. d. ).Before, PGD was strictly used only for the couples who absolutely needed it. Now they are taking this technology that we've used since the mid-1980s to a whole new level. Wanting to fulfill the desires of their patients, Fertility Institutes said that their patients could not only select the gender of their soon to be child, but could choose their baby's skin, hair, and eye color (Preimplantation Genetics, n. d. ). This new technology sparked many questions and controversies. From conception and on, parents are viewed as risk factors in their child's life.Pregnant women are constantly being remi nded to eat the right food, get enough exercise, stay away from alcohol and cigarettes, and the list goes on and on. If she doesn't follow these guidelines, she is putting her child at risk (Debating ‘designer babies’, 2003). A child is the icon of vulnerability. In using their power over a vulnerable child, parents can do harm whether they mean to or not. Parents are constantly making decisions for their child in hopes that one day they will be successful. With the idea of designer babies however, parents might replace their love with a mentality of perfection.These parents will pay thousands of dollars to make sure their baby is born physically perfect so of course their standards of their child will be extremely high. If a child can't live up to his or her parents expectations, they might go through their whole life feeling like they're not good enough. Knowing that their parents have selected every trait about them from their gender to hair color, children will feel less free. What if parents really do replace love with wanting their child to be perfect? The child might grow up not knowing what love is since he or she has never experienced it.I know it’s a bit dramatic, but this just might be the ending of love and compassion. Eugenics is defined as â€Å"the study of or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species or a human population, by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits† (Eugenics, n. d. ). We’ve all heard of the infamous Adolf Hitler. His plan was to create a world full of tall, blonde hair, blue eyed â€Å"perfect† people and to eventually obtain world domination.He tortured and killed thousands and thousands of people because they were Jewish, African American, homosexuals, handicaps, and communists. When I first read about designer babies this is the first thing I thought of. With all the n ew reproductive technology, there is a possibility that someday, there will be a perfect race. This also ties into who would be able to design their baby’s traits. Only the wealthy would be able to afford the luxury of designing a perfect child. So not only would these children be flawless and beautiful, but they would also be born wealthy.The average or poor people will have normal children while the wealthy have their perfect children. There is already a fine line between the wealthy and the poor. The wealthy are constantly getting richer, while the poor remains poor. Which brings me to my next point, if we start creating these designer babies, what happens to the â€Å"normal† children? These kids will be considered ugly and scary since they’re not perfect. The new generation of designer babies would hate anyone who doesn’t appear to have the flawless appearance they have and the normal children would hate the designer children because they’re n ot as good looking as them.The designer kids would act as if they are better and look down to normal people. Our society is constantly concerned with looks as it is. I can’t even imagine how the normal children will feel. They’ll hate themselves for not looking as beautiful as the others, blame their parents for them being â€Å"ugly,† and lose confidence in themselves. As you know, I’m against designing babies to achieve the perfect appearance, but I understand that sometimes using PGD to screen embryos is necessary. Take the story of Philippa for example. An interview done by United Kingdom BBC (2005) said that she had a problem with her DNA.It never affected her health, but it meant that most of her eggs didn’t carry genes needed for a baby to grow healthy. Every time she got pregnant, she miscarried. The doctors suggested that she try PGD. This ensured that her baby would be free from any genetic abnormalities. Nine months after using PGD she g ave birth to a healthy baby boy, named Ruiaridh (BBC, 2005). Philippa had no desire to design a perfect baby, so I don’t consider Ruiaridh a designer baby. In cases where a parent is preventing their future child from a disease, I think it’s 100% acceptable.If I was in that position I would do the exact same thing, without a doubt. All-in-all, designing perfect babies is something we shouldn’t be toying with. The results could be devastating. In my eyes, the bond between a parent and their child is something special. When I laid my eyes on my daughter for the first time, I was amazed at how much she resembled me. Her eyes, her nose, her lips, everything looked exactly like me. This is one of the best things about being a parent. I couldn’t imagine designing her with different features than God didn’t intend her to be born with.Children don’t need to be artificially selected by genetic engineering to be considered perfect. To a parent, every child should be born perfect no matter how they look. References Eugenics . (n. d. ). Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Retrieved April 22, 2012, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Eugenics Johnson, P. (2012, January 20). Pros and Cons of Designer Babies. Buzzle. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://www. buzzle. com/articles/pros-and-cons-of-designer-babies. html Lee, E. (2008, April 17). Debating ‘Designer Babies'. Spiked-Science. Retrieved April 21, 2012, from www. spiked-online. om/Articles/00000006DD57. htm[->0] Luck, M. (2011, May 15). Designer Babies. ce399 | research archive. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://ce399eugenics. wordpress. com/2011/05/15/designer-babies-parents-can-select-physical-traits-at-fertility-institute-2/ Pray, L. (n. d. ). Embryo Screening and the Ethics of Human Genetic Engineering. Scitable. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://www. nature. com/scitable/topicpage/embryo-screening-and-the-ethics-of-60561 Who's Afraid of Designer Babies?. (n. d. ). BBC. Retrieved April 20, 2012, from http://www. bbc. co. uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/babies_prog_summary. shtml

Into the World Essay

â€Å"Individuals venturing into new experiences may encounter obstacles, but may also experience personal growth. † ‘Into the World’ is can be defined as aspects of growing up and transitions into new phases of an individual’s life. It can mean transitioning naturally, or change being thrust upon a person. In either case, any individual venturing into new experiences will encounter obstacles, but they will also experience personal growth. This is evident in the prescribed text, The Story of Tom Brennan by JC Burke, as well as my chosen text, I Was Only 19 by Redgum. The concept of ‘new experiences’ may not always start off positively. For example, in Burke’s novel, the protagonist, Tom Brennan, one fatal accident forced him and his family to flee their hometown of Mumbilli, forcing every character to undergo a catharsis. This causes Tom to become very withdrawn and introverted as he grows bitter and resentful of the whole situation and slowly getting pushed ‘back into that big, black hole’. He becomes very depressed, antisocial and isolated as he attempts to deal with the situation that his brother, Daniel, has caused. The author conveys the protagonist’s thoughts, feelings, attitudes and beliefs through a variety of techniques. The audience is aware of Tom’s growing guilt through the technique of first person writing. ‘Like I said, that was a low point. ’ (p124) The convincing, idiomatic, subjective voice of the teenage narrator creates a confidential relationship with the readers, as well as keeping them engaged. It also gives us insight into Tom’s inner most thoughts. As Tom plunges into intense feelings of guilt and animosity, he becomes numb to the struggles the other members of his family are facing. One of the most effective and engaging techniques used by the author to capture the reader’s attention, is the use of flashbacks. The Story of Tom Brennan is a nonlinear narrative, and this is first evident in the prologue, which has a reflective tone, when it changes from past tense to present tense. ‘†¦ so as not to remind them of their pain and what our family now meant to this town. My name is Tom Brennan, and this is my story. ’ However, these flashbacks finish after chapter 9, which is when Tom finally begins to accept the situation. As Tom and his family are forced to make a shameful and hasty departure from their once-loved, parochial hometown, they flee to Toms’ Gran’s house in Coghill. Tom hates living in his Gran’s house, and his subjectiveness creates a bias and negative image of her, as he promptly denigrates her efforts, particularly her ‘culinary disasters,’ claiming that her food looked like ‘a charred slab of cow’s shit. ’ He can’t understand why she copes with the situation is a stoic manner and she becomes somewhat like a ‘punching bag’ for Tom, as he releases all his anger on her. Their relationship is strained, hostile and lacks mutual tolerance and respect as he refers to her as ‘The Grandmother. ’ As Tom re-establishes a connection with ‘The Grandmother,’ he learns empathy, and this is evident in chapter 12 when Tom first realises that she cares for him more than he realises –‘Do you think I couldn’t see you fading away those first few weeks? ’ Their developing relationship is then strengthened as Tom decides to build her a chook pen. Rugby is the lynchpin that holds the novel together. Tom is placed as half-back on the St Bennies team that ‘couldn’t catch a cold. The team provides him with a solid ground to stand on and his teammates give him new relationships and ties to Coghill. Football symbolises the prestige of the ‘legend of the Brennan brothers,’ and Tom unknowingly uses football as a measure of what he had and what he’d lost, of what he can and can’t do. When Tom goes on the St. Bennies footy camp, he learns humility. After Tom speaks with his dad at camp, he realises that ‘winning had been everything at St John’s, but now I was confused, because I think Dad was trying to tell me that it wasn’t enough. ’ He then uses his skills to teach and lead St Bennies. Tom’s uncle, Brendan, has a therapeutic effect on Tom, and as he starts running with him in the mornings, he grows and matures as he tries to get fit enough to travel to Nepal, and this is evident in Brendan’s statement: ‘He was lucky to have you there, Tom. Even if he doesn’t remember it. ’ At first, Tom is hesitant to start running, ‘†¦ contemplating whether a ‘piss off’ was in order. ’ They run up the hill near Carmel’s property, ‘The Ascent,’ which she ‘reckoned it lead all the way to heaven,’ and this becomes symbolic of Tom’s struggle and his journey. The Ascent is an obstacle Tom must face, with the help of Brendan, in order to grow and bloom as he accepts the situation. Another factor that helps Tom heal is his friendship-turned-relationship with Chrissie, who also has a therapeutic effect on him. Chrissie is Tom’s confidante –‘I started talking. That’s what she did to me’, as she acts as a panacea to his pain, which he describes as ‘feeling bad all the time. ’ The concept of individuals venturing into new experiences is also explored in my chosen text, I Was Only 19 by Redgum. I as only nineteen presents the protest against conscription during the Vietnam War. It displays all the difficult experiences of a young man as well as his perspective towards the Vietnam War and the loss of his friend due to the war. The poem portrays war as a living hell and tells the audience the unseen, brutal ways of battle. It reflects on the horror and traumatising warfare that the young men had to go through. â€Å"I was only nineteen† is repeated in a sad, dull context as the lyrics are mostly describing the downside of the whole war concept. Through the themes, use of emotive language and vivid description, this repetition can easily be identified as setting a depressing and sympathetic tone. The use of rhetorical questions place emphasis on how the poet feels this experience has effected him â€Å"And why the Channel Seven chopper chills me to my feet? And what’s this rash that comes and goes, can you tell me what it means? † â€Å"And can you tell me doctor, why I still can’t get to sleep? † gives an example of repletion which has been used to emphasise the fact that the young men that have been taken to war and all the horrific experiences they’ve been through. The rhyming of the words of each line have been included to give a feel towards the song/poem and give a link towards each line and that there is a connection between the two lines – â€Å"And there’s me in my slouch hat with my SLR and greens. God help me, I was only nineteen. † The use of other poetic techniques, such as metaphors, are also used to emphasise the obstacles faced by young soldiers in warfare- â€Å"Was a war within yourself/ It was a long march from cadets/ And night time’s just a jungle dark and a barking M16. Another metaphor evident is â€Å"But you wouldn’t let your mates down til they had you dusted off. † This is used to represent the camaraderie and friendship instilled in the soldiers. In conclusion, individuals venturing into new experiences may encounter obstacles, but may also experience personal growth. In The Story of Tom Brennan, as well as I was only nineteen by Redgum, the concept of personal growth is explored. Both the soldier in I was only nineteen, as well as the Brennans, face multiple obstacles whilst telling their story.

Has Our Political System Succeeded Essay

The political system began with the Declaration of Independence written by Thomas Jefferson on July 4, 1776. After that document the Articles of Confederation came out, which were adopted in 1777. The Articles of Confederation was the first attempt to set up a government in the US. Then our Constitution came out in 1787,it was made into three plans: the Virginia Plan, New Jersey Plan, and then the Connecticut compromise. Four things our Constitution accomplished were indirect democracy, limited government, checks and majority rule, and an outline of what the different branches of government do. The US two main parties are Republican and Democrat. The Democratic Party was founded in 1828, and the Republican party was founded in 1854. Our political system has succeeded in many forms. One form would be our checks and balances within the federal government and on a local level. Provisions have been improved over the years to regulate proper placement of funds and equal rights to citizens. The origin of our political system begins with congress. The main responsibilities of congress are making laws, overseeing the FBI and CIA, casework, representing their districts, setting an agenda, and conflict resolution. Our society has relied upon a bicameral system, where there have been a House of Representatives and a Senate. Some of the responsibilities of the House of Representatives include reviewing bills and beginning the impeachment process. The Senate’s duties include giving advice and consenting on treaties, conducting impeachment trials, and appointing upper-level judicial officers. Where I feel our political system has not done so well is with bureaucrats. Bureaucracy has some positive aspects like specialization, making sure rules and regulations are carried out, and neutrality. There are two types of bureaucrats. The first one is a civil servant who is hired based on merit, and the second one is a political appointee who is selected based on whom they know. It is a common issue that bureaucrats are given too much power and that they abuse those powers, which causes flaws in our political system. It does, however, seem that bureaucrats are vital for the functioning of any political system; they are generally not well liked, though. Several attempts to reform bureaucracy have been made, such as the Sunshine laws, which are laws that dictated that agencies have to be conducted in the public eye. Privatization is another reform where the government turns over more jobs to private sectors. A good change for our society was when the Government Performance and Results Act of 1997 were introduced. This sought to improve governmental efficiency by making agencies describe their goals and create mechanisms for evaluating their goals. Overall, our political system has proven to be stable and has succeeded. Of course, there are going to be positive and negative aspects, but, at the end, for what our nation has had to deal with in the past 228 years, we have done far better than any other country.

Scholarly Writing Skills

Writing in a scholarly manner is one of the most difficult tasks for a student. It involves the correct knowledge, comprehension, and expertise to be able to produce a good output. One important skill in scholarly writing is being able to compose statements and paragraphs with reliable content. This means that there should be adequate supporting evidence to posed arguments. Also, proper citations on both in-text and reference list must be included to avoid plagiarism. Another important skill is producing a readable output. Readability is achieved through writing in a scientific manner which means that words and statements should be clear and concise. Highfalutin words and vague statements should be avoided (Goldbort, 2001). Lastly, an important skill in scholarly writing is being consistent with standard academic conventions for writing. This means that the output should follow basic grammar rules and use correct style, tone, and argument formation (Hall, 2000). Hall (2000) discussed in detail the basic grammar rules which include writing in complete sentences, subject-verb agreement, appropriate punctuation, right vocabulary, and correct use of apostrophe. Furthermore, she explained the style conventions which include typing and spelling, avoidance of abbreviations, capitalization of letters, etc. A writer should also write formally (avoiding cliches and jargons) and make sensible use of paragraphs that involve analysis and answering the questions or supporting the thesis (Hall, 2000). On the other hand, I need to improve and learn common referencing styles as I am only familiar with the American Psychological Association format. Based on feedbacks from my professors, I am able to provide good review of literature containing supportive and sound evidences for my thesis, but my skills in providing accurate in-text and reference citations should be improved. Another aspect that I need to improve on is forming sound arguments. Sometimes, I provide too many information and focus too much on specific details that the most important subject or even the answer to the question is not emphasized in my writing. These are the two skills in that I need to improve the most. Meanwhile, I am able to produce readable outputs that helps my readers understand my writing easily. I have learned and practiced not too use cliches and jargons in academic writing. I also allot ample time in proofreading my writings in order to minimize and correct grammatical and typographical errors before I submit them. The best way to improve my skill in accurate referencing style is by studying the common reference styles used in scholarly writing such as the APA, MLA, Turabian, and AMA. It is also important to consider when to use these types of referencing styles aside from learning how to use their format (Delany, n. d. ) To address my lack of competence in forming sound arguments, I need to organize my thoughts by structuring an outline on my topics and subtopics so that my statements and paragraphs would be coherent and clear. I would also need to define exactly the question I need to answer, the supporting evidences for my answer, and the analysis and critique of the supporting statements that I presented.

Lean management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Lean management - Essay Example r strategy assists firms to get rid of the issues associated with excessive inventory, which is very common with the traditional make to stock strategy. Dell Computers is an example of a corporation that employs the MTO production strategy. The Assemble to Order (ATO) is also a business production strategy by which quick actions are taken on orders placed by customers, and these products are customizable to a certain extent. Under this production strategy, the basic parts of the products are already built but not assembled yet. Once the customer places an order, these parts are assembled quickly to deliver products that are customized to the buyer’s specifications. It is to be noted that the ATO strategy is a hybrid between the make-to-order strategy and the make-to-stock strategy. Finally, the Make to Stock (MTS) is a traditional business strategy used by organizations to match production with consumer demand forecasts. Under this strategy, particular stock levels are maintained to meet the forecasted demand levels. This business production strategy can be efficient only if the product demand is forecasted accurately. However, inaccurate demand forecasts would end up in financial losses resulting from excessive inventory or stockouts. Fleuren, H., Hertog, D & Kort, P. (2006). Operations Research Proceedings 2004: Selected Papers of the Annual International Conference of the German Operations Research Society. US: Springer Science & Business

Summarize Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Summarize - Research Paper Example The service provided by the company is still unique but over the years it has received significant popularity in the cities in which the company operates. The car sharing service provided by the company is economically feasible and the rationale behind the service is also encouraged by the environmentalists and the users alike. According to a survey conducted in the year 2006, it was found out that one-third of the users of the company either sold out their vehicle or gave up the idea of acquiring their own vehicle. In this manner the company met its objective of reducing the number of car owners. One of the objectives of the company is to reduce the amount of pollution that results from harmful emissions from car use. By providing a vehicle to a subscriber for a limited period of time, the company succeeds in its objective of discouraging prolonged usage of cars. In this way harmful emissions can be reduced and the overall pollution in the environment can be slowed down. The company provides the car sharing service in the following manner. The subscriber is required to reserve a vehicle at a specified station of the company either in person or by making a call. The subscriber is also required to specify the time when the car would be needed.

Evaluation of Mexican Diet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Evaluation of Mexican Diet - Essay Example Moreover, the report attempts to provide a summary on the nutritional value of traditional Mexican food and the impact of modern technology on the nutritional value of modern Mexican cuisine. Overview: Mexican gastronomy reflects a unique blend of aboriginal cuisine fused with Spanish and French culture and there is more to it then simply the cheese covered tacos, enchiladas, burritos or refried bacon. The rich history, varied topography and exotic cuisine are the reasons why Mexico attracts millions of tourists each year from around the world. Mexican cuisine has been molded by a myriad of cultural influences which accounts for the diversity of its dishes. The diversity of Mexican cuisine is what makes it a truly fascinating subject. For instance, the barbacoa of Central Colonial region is strikingly different from the black mole of Oaxaca. The diversity of Mexican cuisine is due to the fact that each of the aboriginal dishes were developed and influenced by the environmental factor s indigenous to their respective regions such as availability of ingredients, trade practices, local economics, explorers, colonial settlers, immigrants and the culture of local individuals. Mexico is often divided into six gastronomic regions each of which are famous for their own unique indigenous cuisine. The six gastronomic regions are La Frontera (Baja California, Sonora, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Nuevo Leon, and Tamaulipas), La Costa Oro (the pacific coast from Sinaloa to Guerrero), El Istmo (the isthmus of Tehuatepec and also includes the states of Tabasco, Oaxaca, and Veracruz), La Encrucijada (includes the City of Mexico and its adjoining states), El Centro Colonial (the colonial cities of Guadalajara, San Miguel de Allende, Zacatecas, Queretaro, Morelia, Guanajuato and San Luis Potosi) and La Teirra Mava (Chiapas, certain areas of Tabasco and Yucatan peninsula). The innumerable individual styles and traditional techniques used in the preparation of authentic Mexican food accoun t for the uniqueness of the cuisine. (HOYER et al 2005). Environmental Factors: Mexico is regarded as one of the world’s most blessed lands due to its favorable climate, fertile soil and the varied productions of nature. Mexico is capable of producing large amounts of cocoa, sugar, cotton, wheat, hemp, flex, silk, oil, wine, fruits, and cochineal. Therefore, Mexico is a nation that is capable of producing products which the commerce gathers from around the world. The production of vegetables is influenced both by the difference in elevation and latitude. A study of Mexican history reveals that the varied climate and topography across the six gastronomic regions have heavily influenced the production of vegetables which in turn has influenced the ingredients used by aboriginal people in the preparation of food. For instance, the eastern and western coasts have tracks of low land which have a climate similar to that of West Indies. Therefore, the vegetables produced in eastern and western coasts are similar to that produced in West Indies. On the other hand, the ascending sides of Cordilleras have a temperate climate, thus, the grains and vegetable production is similar to that of the temperate regions of the world. The high Mexican mountains are popular for their pine and fir production. Therefore, embarking on a two day journey from Vera Cruz to the Central regions provides the opportunity to experience and observe all the graduations of climate and vegetable production which are experienced in travelling from the equator to the Arctic regions. (GREGORY 1947). Major Dietary Components of Mayan Indian and Aztec Populations: The major

Summary and Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Summary and Impact - Essay Example The American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology (ACAAI) doubts the claim that e-cigarettes are safe because vapor and smoke are harmful regardless of the way they are consumed. E-cigarettes are new to people; it is the reason why they are treated with interest and attention. I see many people who smoke e-cigarettes during the day. They are massively promoted as a healthy alternative which is 100% safe for people. This study shows that these promiscuous results have not been confirmed yet. After reading this article I believe that e-cigarettes are not as healthy as they are advertised. The only healthy alternative to smoking presupposes that people quit this bad habit forever. If any of my friends decide to try e-cigarettes in order to reduce tobacco consumption, I would warn them that there are no studies to check long-term outcomes or side effects related to this innovation. â€Å"E-Cigarettes: Not a Healthy Alternative to Smoking†. Biology News Net. May 27, 2014. Web. May 28, 2014.

Physicians Assisted Suicide Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Physicians Assisted Suicide - Research Paper Example Therefore, it transpires that in the case of physician-assisted suicide, the elements of alleviation of pain and suffering or infeasibility of further treatment are not deemed mandatory. Though ancient Greek culture has recognized this practice on the grounds of rationality, it finally appears to have assumed a religious morality angle under the patronage of the Christian church, which ascribes a â€Å"sinful nature to suicide† (Lachman 121). In the modern day, a controversy exists on the topic because while some people argue that an individual reserves the right to end his or her life, others contend that aiding or assisting a person to commit suicide amounts to abetting murder. A. Purpose of the Paper: This paper attempts to explore the topic in detail, with specific reference to it legal, moral and social responsibility contexts and to analyze whether an extreme measure of physician assisted suicide can be accepted as a standard norm in a civilized society. In doing so, the paper will examine the practical implication of the issue both on the society as well as an individual, who seeks to end his or her life due to some reason and rationale. B. ... C. Background Information on the Topic: The claim to individual’s rights or autonomy is a tenable proposition and a patient’s right to choose between life and death, especially when he or she suffers from some incurable health condition, needs to be honored. However, religious notions and moral values imbibed in a civilized society forbid the voluntary termination of a life. Thus, the question of the validity and legality of sanctioning physician-assisted suicide as a standard practice has become a matter of high controversy. Generally, patients with terminal health conditions such as AIDS, cancer etc are the ones who request to â€Å"hasten death† and it becomes an emotional and moral dilemma for the healthcare professionals (121). Research evidence from Oregon suggests that nearly â€Å"1 of 1,000† patients â€Å"obtain and use† medication to terminate their lives while â€Å"17%† of them have considered it as a viable option (123). Thus, i t appears that despite the reservation about ending of life by terminally ill patients, on the grounds of religious beliefs and morality, many choose it as a favorable option in states that legalize physician-assisted suicide. Therefore, there is scope for an in depth analysis and exploration of various legal aspects of the issue. In addition, I also have personal experience from within my community, wherein I have seen one neighbor suffering from breast cancer. Her condition remained so painful that she kept asking her husband and children to have her life terminated through PAS. It was also difficult for her family to keep up with her, without compromising their daily commitments. Her husband was a sales executive in a big

In-school Suspension and Off-school Suspension Essay

In-school Suspension and Off-school Suspension - Essay Example On the other hand, out-of-school suspension (OSS) is an act to keep away the student from school for short-term periods (Saint Helens , 1998). This temporary keeping away of the student is in lieu of investigation that can lead to removal of the student from the school itself, or pending the implementation of some definite measures such as internment through the action of the court, or mental or physical assessment. When the student is suspended, he or she is informed of the acts that constitute the charges, and also the fact of suspension on account of these charges (Saint Helens , 1998). In-school suspension (ISS) has several benefits over out of school suspension. An obvious important benefit is that the student does not have to break off his or her learning by being suspended from the school. The benefits of ISS include (District of Columbia , n.d.): The students who face suspension continue to be taught though in an atmosphere that is restrictive. Everyday they are also provided counseling individually and in a group. They are provided with the opportunities at identifying remedies for their problems (Collins, 1985). The objectives are to pro-actively lead the students to come back to the normal group of students as fast as possible and lastingly too, raise self-worth, heighten the consciousness of oneself, and lessen the troublesome and disorderly conduct. A change in outlook of these students to those who are in authority, increasing their capacity to identify their own strong and positive abilities, enhancing their confidence to own up and be responsible for their actions and improving those areas that they lack or are deficit in (Collins, 1985). They are also encouraged to seek ways to resolve any problems that they may have at home. Attendance is not improved by ISS and it shows a high recidivism rate. However, ISS does not seem to show a decline in disruptive behaviors especially in those students who have behavioral disorders (Yancey, 2001). According to Stage (1997, p.72), "There were no apparent effects of the in-school suspension interventions on classroom disruptive behavior, since there were no systematic differences in disruptive classroom behavior by in-school suspension phase. In fact, the rate of student disruptive behavior remained rather constant across the four in-school suspension interventions, indicating that no type of in-school suspension generalized to classroom behavior any more efficaciously than another" (cited in Yancey, 2001). Pros and Cons of OSS OSS is resorted to mostly in offences that are both trivial and avertable like breaking of the rules of the school which actually does not in any way pose a threat or lead to any violence; at best this is a device to retain a safe school environment (Bruns, Moore, Stephan, Pruitt & Weist, 2005). On the contrary, there are clear indications that OSS, in

The reader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The reader - Essay Example This is true with respect to The Reader as well. While the movie certainly deserves its acclaim, especially on its technical aspects, there are crucial differences between the two versions. This essay will argue that the movie The Reader fails to capture the central thrust and focus of the novel in terms of capturing the personalities and thoughts of Hanna and Michael in their entirety. As a result of this deviation, it would stand second to the novel in terms of its aesthetic and moral significance to the audience. When evaluating the novel, one has to see it in the context of the burgeoning body of holocaust literature that has been published in the last sixty years. Rather than dealing in dichotomies of good and evil in the characters of Hanna and Michael, Bernhard Schlink does present a nuanced view of the questions confronting an entire generation of Germans post holocaust. While the work of art provides an entry point for further exploration of the moral aspects of the holocaust, it is simultaneously a statement on the limitations of the written word to convey and elicit comprehensive responses. To the extent that this is an accepted fact, not just applicable to the lead characters of The Reader, but for the Novel in general, the author does a satisfactory job of perceiving and probing answers to these tough questions. In other words, the Bernhard Schlink novel succeeds in meeting its set objectives. This is further borne by the fact that the book was translated into 37 languages and incl uded in the curricula of several graduate courses. To take the above mentioned assessment a little deeper, let us take a specific example. Early in the narrative of the novel we come across this memorable piece of writing (the narrator is the young Michael Berg): â€Å"As she was reaching for the other stocking, she paused, turning towards the door, and

Enzyme catalysis lab Essay Example for Free

Enzyme catalysis lab Essay Enzyme catalysis was observed in order to analyze how changes in temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and substrate concentration affected an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. This experiment analyzed the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions and observed the correlation between catalase activity and products formed. It was found out that the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction starts off rapidly, decreases, and levels off or completely stops, and can be further affected by environmental factors, which play a crucial role in regulating enzymes and metabolic processes. Based on this experiment and the data collected one is able to conclude that the optimal environment in which this specific catalase is able to function is around 40 °C and in a pH around 7. This type of environment allows the enzyme to function at its fullest potential and produce the maximum amount of product allotted by the implemented amount of substrate present without the hindrance of environmental factors. Introduction Background: Enzymes, most of which are proteins, have two interrelated roles. One is to act as catalysts and accelerate spontaneous biochemical reactions so they occur with sufficient rates at moderate temperatures. The other is to determine which spontaneous biochemical reactions will be accelerated out of many more possibilities present in the cell. Balance between all the reactions in metabolism is achieved in several ways, by fluctuations in substrate concentrations, by local differences in pH, by changes in enzyme concentration, and by changes in enzyme activation Purpose: Enzyme activity is influenced by many factors; both temperature and pH at which enzymes functions are extremely important. Most organisms have a preferred temperature and pH range in which they survive, and their enzymes usually function best within very narrow temperature and pH ranges. If the environment of the enzyme is too acidic, basic, or hot, the activity of the enzyme may be altered due to a change in the three-dimensional shape of the enzyme. Denaturation, the unraveling or structural changes of an enzyme, may be temporary or permanent depending on the degree of the environmental change. In either case, a denatured enzyme no longer has the shape necessary to interact with the substrate effectively to lower the activation energy. Hypotheses: 1. The hypothesis is as the temperature increases, above 40 ° C, the activity of the enzyme catalyst will increase. 2. The hypothesis for the enzyme activity with the effect of the pH is if the pH is not at the optimum pH value there will be a complete loss of enzyme activity. 3. The hypothesis is as the change in enzyme concentration increases the activity rate of the enzyme will increase if there is a proportional amount of enzyme concentration and substrate. 4. The hypothesis is as the substrate concentration has an increase so will the reaction of velocity if the amount of enzyme is kept constant. Materials: Materials can be found on page 65 in the Bio 110 lab manual. Procedures are found on pages 65 to 68 in the Bio 110 lab manual. Discussion A. In table 5.1, the data that was collected was calibrating the colorimeter. The results should have been 0.000 or 0.001 no matter how long the machine was ran for. B. In table and graph 5.2, the data collected was in a time frame of 0-5minuites and was recorded every 30 seconds. In the cuvette was distilled water and substrate mix. The data collected showed that the longer the experiment ran for the higher the absorbency rate. C. In table and graph 5.4, the data that was collected was for three different amounts of enzymes:  ½x enzyme, 1x enzyme, and 2x enzyme. The hypothesis for this experiment was the more enzyme the faster the absorbance. With the results from the test the hypothesis is true. The 1/2x enzyme was absorbed less and a lot slower then the 2x enzyme. D. In table and graph 5.6, the data collected was the effect of the amount of substrate effects on the absorbency. The data was collected every 6 seconds for 60 seconds. With  ½x substrate the absorbance was the slowest. At 1x substrate the absorbance was the fast, and at 2x substrate the absorbance was in the middle. E. In table and graph 5.8, the data collected was to see how the effects of temperature played an effect on the absorbency. Ice water (4 °c) the absorbance rate was very slow. Room temperature (22 °c) was the normal rate of absorbance. Body temperature (37 °c) had the highest absorbance rate, and boiling water (100 °c) the protein was denatured giving no results. F. In table and graph 5.10, the data collected was to see how the effect of pH affects the absorbance. With the pH2 no reaction happened because pH2 is not a good match, pH7 had the highest absorbance. Ph10 was denatured, pH5 was absorbed but slowly and, pH8 was also absorbed but was absorbed the slowest. G. In table and graph 5.12 we added an inhibitor to see what the effects would be. With the inhibitor added the absorbance rate slow but did increase. Literature Cited Vital Health, Inc. Introduces a Digestive Enzyme for Children, MyZymes. SFGate. N.p., 23 Oct. 2012. Web. 19 Nov. 2012. http://www.sfgate.com/business/prweb/article/Vital-Health-Inc-Introduces-a-Digestive-Enzyme-3973438.php. Kilbourne, Jennifer, and Laurie Montgomery. Laboratory Investigations for Bio 1110. Second ed. Dubuque: Kendall Hunt, 2011. Print. Relevance Digestive Enzyme for Children Vital Health Inc. has introduced a new vitamin called MyZymes, a chewable digestive enzyme for children. This helps the body gain nutrients from food and plays an essential role in facilitating absorption. They are a highly effective digestive enzyme product because it contains a higher activity level of protease, amylase, lipase, cellulose and also includes six other enzymes. The higher activity levels assists in digesting more proteins, fats, carbohydrates and fiber. Enzymes are one of the most essential elements in our body. Enzymes are energized protein molecules found in all living cells. They catalyze and regulate all biochemical reactions that occur within our body. Enzymes also play a part in digestion. They break down proteins, fats, carbohydrates and fiber making it possible to utilize the nutrients found in those foods while removing the toxins. Digestive enzyme supplements help you digest your meals more efficiently and deliver the nutrients from your food to your body. The supplemental digestive enzymes will break down food, thus saving the body from having to release as many of its own enzymes. This allows the body to devote its attention to supplying more metabolic enzymes so the organs and tissues can carry on their daily work. Enzyme supplements are clinically proven to reduce the effects of bloating, gas, occasional heartburn and occasional acid reflux.

Greek tragedy Essay Example for Free

Greek tragedy Essay A view from the bridge is a powerful play about two immigrants that cross the American border from Italy, illegally. The play is set in the nineteen thirties to the nineteen fifties right after the Second World War. It also has striking similarities with Greek tragedy, being linear and having a chorus, or narrator (Alfieri). Eddie, the tragic protagonist has a fatal flaw (his improper love of, and almost obsession with, Catherine) and the final climax at the end of the play is another feature of this style. Alfieri plays a huge part in maintaining the audiences dramatic interest; he is like the chorus in a Greek tragedy always reminding the audience of the tragedy. He holds the play together without actually taking much part in the action, however his real job is to unfold the play to the audience, he influences our audience and keeps us hooked onto the play, as though it was a cliff-hanger, the audience, including me, believe Alfieri because he is a lawyer and he knows the most. The bridge represents Alfieri, he is a link between Italians and Americans, Eddie and Rodolpho, he has equal opinions on them both and does not take sides; he is very un-bias. It seems that Alfieri is drowned in stress and needs someone to talk to that is why he talks to the audience at certain intervals of the play. Its also as though Alfieri is retelling the play as he mostly speaks in past tense. Alfieri really begins to introduce drama to the play in his chat with Eddie before the boxing scene; this is a really tense conversation between them both as Eddie starts to reveal his true feelings for Catherine without realising himself. You also begin to realise how easily the situation is flowing when Alfieri redeems himself powerless to stop anything from happening. Alfieri makes us feel as though there will be a terrible ending, I watched it coming, step after step, this makes the audience feel as though there will be a violent ending. This creates dramatic irony as we know something the characters dont; also building tension and suspense the longer we wait for the dramatic climax of the play. Eddie Carbone plays the largest part in creating drama before the end of act one, he creates conflict and reveals his hate for Rodolpho. On the other hand Marco develops his understanding that Eddie doesnt approve of Rodolphos feelings for Catherine. Eddie likes to assert himself as the alpha male, and a man in Eddies eyes is a hard working, physically strong family man, and Marco has all of these features, he is working hard to support his family and when he lifts the chair that Eddie cannot, this shows that Marco is physically strong, and it seems Eddie respects Marco, but sees him as a threat to his position in the Carbone family. Eddie also finds other ways to create drama in the scene. Lemons are green is the small contribution that Rodolpho makes to the conversation between Marco and Eddie, Eddies reply towards Rodolpho, I know lemons are green, for Christ sake is quite vicious and makes it quite obvious he doesnt like Rodolpho and makes it quite awkward for Marco to talk to Eddie as though nothing is wrong. This adds some tension to the scene. Also, Eddie begins to imply that Rodolpho aint right, this quite obviously means that Eddie think Rodolpho is gay when really he is just looking for any excuse for Catherine not to be with him. During the long talk about Rodolphos skills and attributes Eddie says But if I could cook, if I could sing, if I could make dresses, I wouldnt be on the water-front and I would be like in a dress store. In the actual play Eddie repeats the first sentence three times, as though an obvious attempt to stress to his family that he aint right. You can tell this by what he says after I would be like in a dress store, this is blatantly a womans job however cooking, singing and dancing was considered gay in the 1950s. You can see that Marco is unimpressed by what Eddie is trying to imply. [Uneasily]. This stage direction proves that Marcos reaction to what he has implied about his brother is negative and he is uneasy to talk to Eddie at all, or that he knows what is coming when Eddie asks What do you say, Marco, we go to the bouts next Saturday night. You never seen a fight, did you? Eddies mind is also quite obviously filled with violence and hatred, and it is blatant that he purposely wants Rodolpho to fight because he asks him after having the opportunity to ask his brother first. This also creates tension in the scene as we know what it is all building up too and we are eager to see how it unfolds. Furthermore, during the fight Eddie says to Rodolpho It also seems that Eddies sexual jealousy has coloured his thoughts as he chooses to insult Marco by implying that his wife is cheating whilst he works in America, this is a very tense moment as we are unaware of how Marco will react to this comment and how this may affect his relationship with Eddie, this furthermore builds tension in the scene. Eddie also feels betrayed by Catherine, he has raised her as his own and he treats her like his daughter, he feels that by Catherine wanting to marry Rodolpho and living her own life that she is being ungrateful for all that he has done for her. He feels that Catherine owes him a living. All the way during the boxing scene, you get this vivid sense of pressure building up in Eddie. It seems to me that Eddie offers Rodolpho to a boxing match to release his anger after watching him and Catherine dance to a very symbolic song, paper doll. When Eddie first asks Rodolpho to dance, strong tension is built within the audience, because we have already been hinted by Alfieri that something bad is going to happen, and this is the ideal moment for this to happen. Eddie says to Rodolpho, Come on kid, you cant hurt me. This is ironic because although Rodolpho may not possess the strength to physically hurt Eddie, his is causing him mass amounts of emotional pain, just sharing feelings with Catherine. The stage directions also have a huge effect in this part of the play, He has bent the rolled paper and it suddenly tears in two. This tells the audience that Eddie has had enough of Rodolpho, and that all his anger and true feelings for Catherine are boiling over. Also this hints to the Audience that something bad is about to happen, because Eddie twisting the newspaper in two pieces shows that it has all become too much for him and he has to let his anger out. This creates dramatic tension within the audience as we wait for something to happen. The way Catherine acts towards Eddie could have triggered this sudden outburst; normally Catherine is really obedient towards Eddie and does what he says, she sees him as her father and him his daughter.

In Depth Analysis Of The Toyota Motor Corporation Marketing Essay

In Depth Analysis Of The Toyota Motor Corporation Marketing Essay The main products for the company are categorised into three segments they are automobile, finance and housing communication system. The core business was automobile segment engages in the design, manufactures and sales that includes a car smaller than a compact car to luxury and sport vehicles, as well as trucks, SUVs, buses and minivans. Additionally Toyota produces automotive parts and accessories for its own use and for sale to others. Popular models include Land cruiser, Lexus line, Camry (best selling passenger car in America, 2004) and Corolla as well as the Tundra (Motor trends truck of the year, 2000). Toyota annual sales approximately reaches 7.5 million models on all five continents (America, Europe, Asia, Africa and Australia) in which the main markets for both Toyota and Lexus brand vehicle is the United States, followed by Japan. The other highest markets areas are U.K, China, Australia, Canada, Germany, Thailand, Saudi Arabia and the South Africa. In all, Toyota markets vehicles are more than 170 countries/regions. The global main competitors for Toyota are VW group, General Motors, Renault Nissan, Hyundai Kia and Ford. As shown in the appendix1 during the year 2008 Toyota dominates the global light vehicle sales with the highest market share of 14% by overtaking the main rivals like GM and Hyundai Kia in the midst of recession, instead booms the profit. But the position among the competitors changed drastically in the year 2009. The financial summary of Toyota for the year 2009 is tabled as follows. (Billions of yen) The financial report clearly shows that during the year 2009 Toyota made a net loss of  ¥437 billion ($ 4.3 billion) that never happened from the past 1950. It happens due to the worst sales, when company could not sell up to that volume in which that company take out its costs which related to production and sales. Whilst Toyotas president, Fuji Cho openly avowed in the year 2002, that Toyota is aiming for 15% of the global market share by 2010 accommodating itself with the new global vision named as Innovation into the Future. The new theme (vision) consists of four elements they are recycling based society, development of motorization on a global sale, diverse society, and age of information technology. Hence with the severe competition Toyota continues an effortful attempt to attain a goal outlined in the Global Vision 2010 by increasing its competitiveness. ANALYSIS OF THE CURRENT BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT AFFECTING THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY: According to Johnson scholes (1999), different steps to be followed in environmental analysis for finding the strategic position of the organisation they are 1) Assessing the nature of environment, 2) Auditing environmental influences, 3) identifying key competitive forces, 4) identifying competitive position and finally identifying the key opportunities threats. The external environment, as a determined element remain a topic of interest in management literature (Joshi and Campbell 2003; Nahm et al., 2003). Hence, a balance relationship between environment and manufacturing strategy is complex for organisation to achieve success (skinner, 1969; Hayes and Wheelwright, 1984). On the other hand Pagell and Krause (1999,2004) argued that manufacturing flexibility is a global event in high performance organisation regardless of the environment they operate in. However, it is difficult to handle environmental uncertainty (complex) by depending only on primary analysis which is derived from the output of diversity ensuring that different parts of firms responsible for different aspects of diversity are unattached, and given resources and authority to handle their own part of the environment (Johnson and Scholes 1999). Considering the above factors the analysis of Toyota Motor Corporation in the automobile industry is carried out with help of analytical tool kit such as PESTLE and FIVE FORCES. PESTEL ANALYSIS: As shown in the Appendix-II PESTEL analysis for Toyota Automobile Industry is done with respect to the geographical locations of U.S and Japan. The most vital factors from the analysis have been taken and described below to find the current opportunities and threats of the company. The automotive industry is subject to various government regulations including those related to vehicle safety and environmental issues such as emission levels, fuel economy, noise and pollution. Many governments also impose tariffs and other trade barriers, taxes and levies, and enact price or exchange controls. Toyota has incurred and expects to incur in future, significant costs in complying with these regulations. New legislation also subject Toyota to additional expenses in future. As an automotive manufacturer, Toyota may became subject to legal proceedings in respect of various issues, including liability and infringement of intellectual property and Toyota is in fact currently subject to a number of pending legal proceedings could adversely affect Toyotas future financial condition and results of operations. Toyota is subject to various risks associated with conducting business worldwide. These risks include political and economical instability, natural calamities, fuel shortages, interruption in transportation system, wars, terrorism, labour strikes and work stoppages. The occurrence of any of these events in major markets in which Toyota purchases materials, parts and components and suppliers for the manufacture of its products or in which its products are produced, distributed or sold, may results in disruptions and delays in Toyotas business operation may adversely affect Toyotas financial condition and result of operation. The worldwide financial services industry is highly competitive. Increased competition in automobile financing may lead to decreased margins. A decline in Toyotas vehicle unit sales and residual in value risk due to lower used vehicle price increase in the ratio of credit losses and increased funding costs are factors which may impact Toyotas financial operations. The likelihood of these factors materializing has increased as a result of the ongoing rapid worldwide economic deterioration and competition in automobile financing has intensified. If Toyota is unable to adequately respond to the changes and competition in automobile financing, Toyotas financial services operations may adversely affect its financial condition and result of operations. Increase in prices for raw materials that Toyota and Toyotas suppliers use in manufacturing their products or parts and components such as steel, precious metals, non-ferrous alloys including aluminium and plastic parts may lead to higher production costs for parts and components. This could in turn negatively impact Toyotas future profitability because Toyota may not be able to pass all those costs to customers or require its suppliers to obsorb such costs. PORTERS FIVE FORCES: Michael Porter identified five forces that affect an industry. These forces are degree of rivalry, threat of substitutes, barriers to entry, buyer power, and supplier power. For the more on this framework proposed by porter, see Appendix. Viewing the automotive industry through the framework of porters five forces can be helpful in understanding the forces at play. Degree of Rivalry: The automotive industry is highly competitive with Big 3 such as GM, Ford and Daimler Chrysler. In the 1980s the Toyota entered a fairly disciplined U.S market and have been very focused in growing their shares of the market. The great diversity of rivals in terms of cultures and philosophies has intensified rivalry in the Industry. Market growth is slow in the established markets of U.S and Europe, and companies must fight fiercely to eke out gains or prevent losses in market share. However, growth is potentially huge in the rapidly industrializing nations of China and India. In these booming markets Toyota could take advantage of the opportunities to reap handsome awards. The degree of rivalry in the automotive industry is further heightened by fixed costs associated with manufacturing cars and the low switching costs for consumers when buying different makes and models. Threat of Substitutes: The threat of substitutes to the automobile industry is fairly mild. Numerous other forms of transportation are available, but none offer the utility, convenience, independence, and value afforded by automobiles. However there are inherent underlying social and cultural attitudes that keep people from owning automobiles in some parts of the world. Barriers to Entry: The barriers to enter the automobile industry are substantial. For a new company, the start-up capital required to establish manufacturing capacity to achieve minimum efficient scale is prohibitive. An automotive industry is quite specialized and in the event of failure could not be easily re-tooled. Buyer Power: In the relationship between the Toyota and its ultimate consumers, purchasers of finished vehicles, the power axis is tipped in the consumers favour. Consumers wield the greatest power in this relationship due to the fairly standardised nature of the vehicle and the low switching costs associated with selecting from among competing brands. However, Toyota remains marginally powerful due to large customer to produce ratio. The automotive industry is a dynamic place. With the forces above at play, and with history as a guide, it is safe to stay that the Toyota must continue to change, evolve and adapt. OPPORTUNITIES: Increasing Demand for Hybrid Vehicles: Globally it is estimated that the demand for hybrid electric vehicles(HEVs) will be approximately 4 million units by 2015. Rising oil price and more emissions regulation are likely to increase the demand for HEVs, as hybrid vehicles are less polluting and less operating cost (more fuel efficient) when compared to conventional diesel and gasoline engine, Toyota industries has strong focus on devices for plug-in hybrid vehicles. The companys competency on hybrid technology is likely to drive growth in the medium term. Establishment of New Material Handling In North America: Toyota is formulating a program to expand its material handling equipment in North America. In this context, in March 2010, Toyota industries determined to create a newly owned sub-subsidiary, Toyota material handling North America (TMHNA). Previously, both Toyota and Raymond used to closely work together to boost business efficiencies in the areas of manufacturing, quality and procurement. Though, TMHNA has officially created to integrate management and operational activities in North America. Establishment of TMHNA would enhance the regional co-ordination and increase the performance of the material handling equipments products of Toyota industries. Growing Opportunities in Emerging Automotive Products: Toyota is now concentrating on the new markets such as India, China, Russia and Middle East region seeing that these markets are expected to view a strong growth in the future. In addition, Toyota also provides automotive logistic services. The company, with powerful automotive business operations, would be aided by the growing vehicle demand in these emerging markets. THREATS: Kyoto Protocol: The Kyoto protocol for the lessening of carbon emission went into effect in 2005, which results on industrialized countries to cut-down their green house gas emission from the 1990 level by 5.2% by an average level during 2008-2012. Consequently, Toyota appointed the prevention of global warming as one of its strategic management issue and concentrate on measures to reduce global warming, which lead to increase in the cost structure of the company drastically. Intense Competition: Toyota is involved in competition with many automobile companies at home and abroad. Any differences in the allocation of management resources and in competitiveness of cost or technology are likely to impact the companys status in the automobile industry and its business performance. Toyota industries compete with the competitors having large volumes of business and greater financial resources than those of the company. High level of competition in the market place could affect Toyota business operation and could erode in market share. Exchange rate Fluctuation: Toyota industries encompass the production and sales of products and the provision of services worldwide. Toyota is sensitive to the fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates and is principally exposed to fluctuations in the value of the Japanese Yen, the U.S Dollar and the Euro. In the recent Japanese Yen appreciated significantly against the U.S Dollar. The strengthening of the Japanese Yen against the U.S Dollar can have a material adverse effect on Toyota Industries reported operating results, which may in turn affect the valuation of the company. ANALYSIS OF THE TOYOTA STRATEGIC CAPABILITIES: According to Haberberg and Riepel (2008) capabilities are things that customers and other stakeholders notice when they are dealing with an organisation. Hence it is vital to identify the capabilities of Toyota, which is carried out with the frame work of resource based analysis (appendix- ) and value chain analysis. Value Chain Analysis: One key program is called value stream mapping, an analysis tool the automaker has been using to improve assembly line productivity is supply chain. Toyota manages the supply chain so efficiently that its production process is near perfect and it simply known as TPS (Toyota Production System), which developed by Toyota to deliver more effectively the products which their customers require, in a timelier manner than traditional management approaches. The unique management system of Toyota made a different relation with the suppliers when compare to other competitors, they are Frequent and reliable deliveries from suppliers Quality parts Small lot size Supplier network Communication with suppliers Proximity to the customers Single sourcing Long-term contract Supplier training Reduced lead time. Toyota is not asking suppliers to reduce price and profit instead, to find a way to minimise cost without having any negative impact on customer value. The present situation is Toyotas ability in developing the TPS and in integrating the policies and practises of their own that is the extension of internal policy deployment through their supplier association into the supplier network and the active co-ordination and development of suppliers, directly and indirectly through the widespread application of the Toyota production system. Resource Audit: Resources of Rolls Royce can be grouped under then following four headings they are Physical resources, Human Resources, Financial resources and Intangibles. STRENGTH: Robust RD Capabilities: Toyota industries actively carry out its research and development activities. Its RD activities can be broadly divide into two areas product development and improvements performed independently within each business division and RD undertaken mainly by the RD centre separate from the activities of its business division and with a view toward company wide- management strategy. Strong RD capabilities helps the company to keep up with the latest technological developments in the market and also helps in developing new products and technologies, thus contributing to the rapid growth of the company. Strong Engineering Capabilities: The company has strong engineering capabilities, for instance the Toyota is extending its product portfolio to include hybrid engines and hybrid vehicles. The company also manufactures electric compressor for hybrid vehicles. The companys strong engineering capabilities allow expanding its product portfolio. WEAKNESS: Overdependence on Japan: A Toyota industry is highly dependent on the Japanese market for its revenues. This overdependence on Japan could have a dampening effect on the companys revenues if the companys sales in Japan do not grow as expected. Addition to this the concentration of operation in this area increases Toyota industries exposure to country specific factors such as changes in raw material prices, labour strikes, changes in economic conditions, and most important increasing competition price from low-priced products. Evaluation of Possible Future Strategies for the TOYOTA: After scanning the environment, performing the SWOT analysis, that showed a weakness in Toyota may at the same time huge opportunities. Now we need to know how to use this opportunities to overcome the threats, minimise the weakness and maximise the strength. Toyotas success is largely based on its forward-thinking, innovative management style and its rigorous standards of quality. The Toyota production system is much-studied strategy of design and manufacturing which emphasizes streamlining and elimination of waste giving rise to the Just in Time and Lean manufacturing movements and continuous error checking and improvement. In addition, Toyota has repeatedly been ahead of the trend in investing new technologies. Instead of focusing on reducing labour costs, Toyota has increasingly automated their production facilities. And with the release of the Prius in 1997, Toyota introduced the first mainstream hybrid vehicle, cashing in on the demand for fuel economy and reduced environmental impact. Like the Prius, the section line successfully addressed a new consumer sector, a plan that Toyota will continue to follow. These strategies combine to give Toyota a significant sustainable competitive advantage. In order to realize the image that Toyota is striving to achieve it is important to undertake a paradigm change from the following three perspectives they are are technology development, management and profit structures Acquisition of a Competitor: Acquisition of competitor is known as improvement strategy of expanding its core business. The acquisition will lead to rise in market share (barney and Hesterly, 2010) for Toyota through market penetration, market development and market expansion, if the acquire company is operating in more and different emerging markets. This form of acquisition is called horizontal integration and would lead to an increase in market share and decrease in competition. Toyota to exploit the merging market such as India and China it should acquire the existing competitor so that it is easily strengthen the market position and open new opportunities for competitive advantage New Strategic Capabilities: There are strong competitors for Toyota in the technology, marketing and manufacturing. Therefore to reduce the intensity of rival among the major players, Toyota can look into joint venture strategy to capture the emerging markets such as China, India and Russia. Implementation of Strategic Change: Surviving to highly competitive rapidly changing environment often requires firms to develop strategies that provide the right kind of flexibility to succeed their specific environments, thus achieving fit between the type of flexibility to succeed in their specific environments, thus achieving fit between the type of flexibility pursued and the demand placed by the environment. Negotiating: Negotiation should be there to understand the demand of both buyer and seller and these has a significant impact as the negotiations unfold and implementation begins. Implementation: Implementation is the critical part for the leadership and communication to execute the change management. The changes that should be made for merging should be planned in detail because there are many issues that are expected with acquisition such as integration challenges, culture, control system, financial operation and loss of key personal (Thompson, 2001). In order to overtake these problems Toyota has to do a proper planning and research before the implementation to get the positive outcome. Conclusion: The product developments are in increasing nature because of the emerging new markets and the technological factor is adding value to the company focusing for the next generation, hence I personally recommend on investor to invest with Toyota APPENDIX-II PESTEL ANALYSIS FACTORS IMPACT(opportunities threats) TIME SCALE POLITICAL: Political instabilities, fuel shortages, natural calamities, wars, terrorism and labour strikes Arab oil embargo turned fuel economy into an important automobile policy goal for the U.S government. The occurrences of any of these events will results in disruption and delays in operation. Prolonged disruption may adversely affect the financial conditions of Toyota Toyota Government relation are 1, Reliance on Business association 2, Personalized network and 3, emphasis on harmony. Changes in legislation Continuous process Every 5 years ECONOMICAL: Financial crisis that began in 2007 and accompanying sharp declaration of vehicle sales during 2008 serious challenges for all automakers. Energy crisis. Rise in price of gasoline. Exchange rate fluctuation with respect to Dollar Establishment of new material handling company in north America which will limit the cost of exporting the vehicle to US Alternative energy efficiency technology and more investment in RD Big cars got smaller, small cars got better Drove down demand for big, expensive cars, and pilled in capital from Japan and elsewhere, which helped drive up the dollar In March 2010 Continuous Continuous Continuous SOCIAL: Demand for fuel efficiency by consumers Intense Competition More demand for hybrid electric vehicles Resulted in more choices for buyers and searching opportunities in emerging market Estimated within 2015. Continuous TECHNOLOGY: Rising energy cost and increased emissions regulation are likely to increase the demand for hybrid vehicles. Toyota industries has strong focus on hybrid vehicles Demand to reach within next five years. ENVIRONMENTAL: Kyoto protocol The emergence of government regulation for vehicle safety and emissions. Reduction of green house by 14% from the 1990 level within 2012 4years LEGAL: Toyota may became subject to various legal proceedings in respect of various issues, including product liability and infringement of legal property, and Toyota in fact currently subject to a number of pending legal problems Adversely affect the Toyotas future financial condition and results of operation Continuous NOTE: Analysis mainly based on the Japan and US geographic location Appendix-III Porters Five Force Model New entrants Industry Competitors Intensity of Rivalry Buyers Suppliers Substitutes Appendix-IV Value Chain Analysis Reliance on Business association (internationalization)-well connected to each other and with politicians and bureaucrats. Personalized network- The use of personalized /informal network for political influence and mobilization in Japan is a more visible and frequent activity than in many other industrialized countries. Emphasis on harmony- strong emphasis on harmony among firms and policy makers.